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AerospAce NAvigAtioN systems

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Dunyo mamlakatlari ensiklopediya

Ensiklopediyada dunyoning barcha mamlakatlari haqidagi so‘nggi ma’lumotlar jamlangan. Maqolalarda mamlakat va uning aholisi, tarixi haqida umumiy ma’lumotlar, tabiati haqida qisqacha ta'rif, xo‘jaligining iqtisodiy-geografik tavsifi keltirilgan, shuningdek, ko‘plab mamlakatlarning diqqatga sazovor joylari haqida ma’lumot berilgan. Maqolalar matni xaritalar, fotosuratlar va diagram m alar bilan to’ldirilgan. Ilovalarda dunyodagi eng yirik geografik obyektlar (daryolar, ko‘llar, cho‘qqilar, vulqonlar, orollar) haqidagi ma’lumotlar jadvali, atamalar lug'ati va mamlakatlar ko‘rsatkichi berilgan.

Introduction to Potable Water Treatment Processes

Being able to turn on a tap and fill a glass of water to drink is something we tend to take for granted but the quality of the drinking water at any tap depends on many factors going all the way back to the original source of the water, how it has been treated and how

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ БОРТОВЫХ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫХ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СИСТЕМ

Описаны исторические этапы появления беспилотных автомобилей и проблемы создания транспортного искусственного интеллекта. Дан подробный анализ существу- ющих встроенных интеллектуальных систем автоматизации управления автомобилем. Рассмотрена надежность водителя в различных транспортно-дорожных и погодно-кли- матических условиях. Отдельная глава посвящена автоматическим транспортным си- стемам перевозки пассажиров – как реализованным, так и разрабатываемым. Издание предназначено для студентов средних профессиональных и высших учебных заведений, а также для специалистов, работающих в области проектирова- ния наземных транспортных машин и механизмов.

Introduction to Intelligent Robotics

washing the dishes, building a house, assembling a bicycle, etc. Take a closer look at these actions, and you’ll notice that they require a huge number of skills: recognizing the objects; estimating where they are; discriminating between “obstacles” and the objects you are really interested in; planning what to do and how to do it; moving arms, hands, and fingers to the right places and in the correct way in order to bring the objects where you want them; in the meantime continuously adapting the motions to inputs from all of your senses (vision, touch, and hearing being the most relevant for manipulation tasks). You seldom pause to think about the utmost complexity of these “automatically” executed actions. Indeed, none of these actions is easy to automate. This text will teach why. It covers the fundamentals of how people have tried to reach this ultimate goal of the “ artificially intelligent machine”: the robot. The text attacks the problem from both the engineering side of the problem (i.e., those things for which engineers have come up with solutions that basically rely on the application of the laws of physics or the theorems of mathematics) and the artificial intelligence side (where human behaviour has been the major source of inspiration). The real breakthrough of “intelligent” robots will most probably only be achieved if the engineering and AI sides can meet and join their forces. Hence, the major goal of this text is to fill the gap between both approaches. Students with an engineering background will learn what “information” means, and “uncertainty,” and “reasoning;” other students will learn the principles of how machines move and how sensors make models of the real world.

Mechatronic Systems Design

This is the translated English edition of the book “Systementwurf me- chatronischer Systeme” published by Springer in January 2010. For the motivation, background and concept of presentation, the obliging reader is referred to the preface of the German edition, which follows. Already in the course of preparing the German book and studying the vast literature in this subject area, I recognized that there still exists some room on the international mechatronics stage for the material presented in this monograph. Moreover, the many positive comments of colleagues and students on the German edition encouraged me to think of starting a sec- ond round with an English edition. From the very beginning, it was clear to me that such a project could on- ly be successful with translation support from a native speaker having broad and excellent knowledge of engineering, and particularly mechatron- ics. Luckily, a previous stay at the Stanford Aerospace Robotics Lab brought me into contact with the best possible partner for this purpose: Dr. Kristof Richmond. As a fully bilingual native speaker, a highly quali- fied Stanford graduate, and an intelligent, critical, and altogether most clever scientific partner, he combines all of the talents which I did not real- ly expect to find in one person. The joint work on this English edition was therefore extremely smooth, mutually enriching, and, in the age of internet and Skype, never bounded by the cross-Atlantic separation between Ger- many and Iowa. A big thanks to Kristof for this great job.

Traffic Engineering

The transportation system is often referred to as the nation's "lifeblood circulation system." Our complex system of roads and highways, railroads, airports and airlines, waterways, and urban transit systems provides for the movement of people and goods within and between our densest urban cities and the most remote outposts of the nation. Without the ability to tavel and to transpot goods, society must be stmctured around small self-suicient communities, each of which produces food and mateial for all of its needs locally and disposes of its wastes in a similar manner. The benefits of economic specialization and mass production are possible only where transportation exists to move needed materials of production to centralized locations, and finished products to widely dispersed consumers.

MATHEMATICAL THEORIES OF TRAFFIC FLOW

The population of the earth has been persistently increasing throughout recorded history, but only within the twentieth century has its size become an important obstacle to orderly civilization. One of the problems created by this growth, which has proved to be of some mathematical interest, is that of congestion. On land and in the air, in vehicles and on foot, people now get in each others' way to an extent far surpassing that of any previous age. There may have been overcrowding in ancient Rome or Elizabethan London, but it can hardly have constituted the hazard, the inconvenience, or the expense which it does today. We see congestion not only in transportation, but in virtually every aspect of modern life: communication, urban development, commercial organization, reticulation of utilities, mass production, and perhaps even agriculture. The scientific study of congestion, whether intended to describe or to ameliorate, has been a natural consequence of man's enforced interest in his increasingly overcrowded world. The most fully developed mathematical theory of congestion is queueing theory, which deals with accumulation at a fixed point, caused by the need for service, and changing with the passage of time. The subject is more than fifty years old and is now being extended very vigorously, both in depth of formulation and in breadth of application.

THE MECHATRONICS HANDBOOK

According to the original definition of mechatronics proposed by the Yasakawa Electric Company and the definitions that have appeared since, many of the engineering products designed and manufactured in the last 25 years integrating mechanical and electrical systems can be classified as mechatronic systems. Yet many of the engineers and researchers responsible for those products were never formally trained in mechatronics per se. The Mechatronics Handbook can serve as a reference resource for those very same design engineers to help connect their everyday experience in design with the vibrant field of mecha- tronics. More generally, this handbook is intended for use in research and development departments in academia, government, and industry, and as a reference source in university libraries. It can also be used as a resource for scholars interested in understanding and explaining the engineering design process. As the historical divisions between the various branches of engineering and computer science become less clearly defined, we may well find that the mechatronics specialty provides a roadmap for nontraditional engineering students studying within the traditional structure of most engineering colleges. It is evident that there is an expansion of mechatronics laboratories and classes in the university environment world- wide. This fact is reflected in the list of contributors to this handbook, including an international group of 88 academicians and engineers representing 13 countries. It is hoped that the Mechatronics Handbook can serve the world community as the definitive reference source in mechatronics.

ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫЕ РОБОТОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ТРАНСПОРТНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ

Рассматриваются робототехнические интеллектуальные транспортные системы, методы и алгоритмы управления ими в улично-дорожной сети города, основанные на использовании теории мультиагентных систем. Описаны элементы теории интеллектуальных транспортных систем. Приведены результаты по робототехническим интеллектуальным транспортным системам, полученные авторами совместно с аспирантами и магистрантами научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Интеллектуальные транспортные системы» Брестского государственного технического университета и научно- исследовательского центра по транспорту и логистике (ЦТЛ) из университета Sapienza в Риме. Разработанные методы и алгоритмы позволяют создать оригинальную систему массовой конвейерной внутригородской перевозки пассажиров, сравнимую по производительности с метро. Книга будет способствовать дальнейшему развитию интеллектуальных транспортных систем. Рассчитана на научных и научно-технических работников, специалистов в области информационной и электронной техники и систем автоматизированного управления, а также может быть полезна аспирантам и студентам соответствующих специальностей.

Traffic Flow Dynamics

In order to keep people moving in times of rising traffic and limited resources,science is challenged to find intelligent solutions. Over the past few years, contributions from engineers, physicists, mathematicians, and behavioral psychologists have lead to a better understanding of driver behavior and vehicular trafficflow. This interdisciplinary field will surely produce further advances in the future. The focus is on new applications ranging from novel driver-assistance systems, tointelligent approaches to optimizing traffic flow, to the precise detection of traffic jams and the short-term forecasting of traffic for dynamic navigation aids. This textbook offers a comprehensive and didactic account of the different aspects of vehicular traffic flow dynamics and how to describe and simulate themwith mathematical models. We hope to make this fascinating field accessible to a broader readership; to date, it has only been documented in specialized scientific papers and monographs.

О международной гражданской авиации

Договаривающиеся государства признают, что каждое государство обладает полным и исключительным суверенитетом над воздушным пространством над своей территорией

The Motor Car : past, Present and Future

Motor vehicles are complex machines and are likely to become more and more complex in the future. The requirements their designers must satisfy are increas- ingly demanding and it is possible to state that designing a motor car is one of the most difficult tasks engineers must face. It is true that there are machines that are more complex, must operate in a more hostile environment or must satisfy more demanding requirements (just to mention two examples, a nuclear submarine or a space shuttle, but the list could be much longer), but what makes the design of a modern car so difficult is the conflicting nature of the design requirements and the complex nature of its development and production processes. A car must supply the required performance in a scenario of changing and more sophisticated expectation from the customer, satisfying increasingly strict safety, environmental and energetic standards, at a tag price that is appealing to the customer, involving acceptable maintenance costs with consistent performance while being ready to perform its tasks for most of the time, remaining safe even if misused and not maintained properly (within reasonable limits). All this in a machine that can be built in large numbers, whose design can survive for a number of years to reasonable changes in the overall scenario in which cars are manufactured and in a market characterized by fierce competition.

Intelligent Transportation Systems

Information technology (IT) has transformed many industries, from education to health care to government, and is now in the early stages of transforming transportation systems. While many think improving a country’s transportation system solely means building new roads or repairing aging infrastructures, the future of transportation lies not only in concrete and steel, but also increasingly in using IT. IT enables elements within the transportation system—vehicles, roads, traffic lights, message signs, etc.—to become intelligent by embedding them with microchips and sensors and empowering them to communicate with each other through wireless technologies. In the leading nations in the world, ITS bring significant improvement in transportation system performance, including reduced congestion and increased safety and traveler convenience. Unfortunately, the United States lags the global leaders, particularly Japan, Singapore, and South Korea in ITS deployment. For the most part, this has been the result of two key factors: a continued lack of adequate funding for ITS and the lack of the right organizational system to drive ITS in the United States, particularly the lack of a federally led approach, as opposed to the “every state on its own approach” that has prevailed to date.

Bosch Automotive Electrics and automotive electrics

In recent decades, the development of the motor vehicle has been marked by the introduction of elec- tronics. At first, electronic systems were used to control the engine (electronic fuel-injection systems), then electronic components entered the domain of driving safety (e.g. antilock brake system, ABS). More recently, completely new fields of application have emerged in the areas of driving assistance, infotainment and communication as a result of continuous advancements in semiconductor technol- ogy. Consequently, the proportion of electrics and electronics in the motor vehicle has continuously increased. A typical feature of many of these new systems is that they no longer perform their function as stand- alone systems but operate in interaction with other systems. If the flow of information between these systems is to be maintained, the electronic control units must be networked with each other. Various bus systems have been developed for this purpose. Networking in the motor vehicle is a topic that receives comprehensive coverage in this book.

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry

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