Macroeconomics is a textbook intended to give students a comprehensive understanding of how entire economies operate, focusing on large‑scale economic variables such as gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. The book explains how these variables interact in both the short run (fluctuations, business cycles) and the long run (economic growth, productivity). It explores the roles of fiscal policy (government spending and taxation) and monetary policy (central bank actions) in stabilizing the economy and addressing issues such as inflation, unemployment, and financial crises. Many editions also include international or “open‑economy” topics (trade, exchange rates), as well as contemporary examples (e.g. recent recessions, global shocks) to help students apply theory to current events.